{"id":1107499,"name":"Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)","unit":"%","createdAt":"2025-09-16T10:06:59.000Z","updatedAt":"2025-09-23T15:00:08.000Z","coverage":"","timespan":"1991-2023","datasetId":7211,"shortUnit":"%","columnOrder":0,"shortName":"sl_emp_vuln_zs","catalogPath":"grapher/worldbank_wdi/2025-09-08/wdi/wdi#sl_emp_vuln_zs","descriptionShort":"Share of total employment working as own-account workers or contributing family workers.","descriptionFromProducer":"Vulnerable employment is contributing family workers and own-account workers as a percentage of total employment.\n\n### Limitations and exceptions:\nData are drawn from labor force surveys and household surveys, supplemented by official estimates and censuses for a small group of countries. Due to differences in definitions and coverage across countries, there are limitations for comparing data across countries and over time even within a country. Estimates of women in employment are not comparable internationally, reflecting that demographic, social, legal, and cultural trends and norms determine whether women's activities are regarded as economic.\n\n### Statistical concept and methodology:\nThe status in employment distinguishes between two categories of the total employed: (a) wage and salaried workers (also known as employees); and (b) self-employed workers, with the subcategories: (i) self-employed workers with employees (employers), (ii) self-employed workers without employees (own-account workers), and (iii) members of producers' cooperatives and contributing family workers (also known as unpaid family workers). Vulnerable employment refers to the sum of (ii) own-account workers and (iii) contributing family workers.\n\nThe series is part of the \"ILO modeled estimates database,\" including nationally reported observations and imputed data for countries with missing data, primarily to capture regional and global trends with consistent country coverage. Country-reported microdata is based mainly on nationally representative labor force surveys, with other sources (e.g., household surveys and population censuses) considering differences in the data source, the scope of coverage, methodology, and other country-specific factors. Country analysis requires caution where limited nationally reported data are available. A series of models are also applied to impute missing observations and make projections. However, imputed observations are not based on national data, are subject to high uncertainty, and should not be used for country comparisons or rankings. For more information: https://ilostat.ilo.org/resources/concepts-and-definitions/ilo-modelled-estimates/\n\n### Notes from original source:\nGiven the exceptional situation, including the scarcity of relevant data, the ILO modeled estimates and projections from 2020 onwards are subject to substantial uncertainty.","type":"float","dataChecksum":"6043787141207957044","metadataChecksum":"1867365760012142513","datasetName":"World Development Indicators","updatePeriodDays":365,"datasetVersion":"2025-09-08","nonRedistributable":false,"display":{"name":"Share in vulnerable employment","unit":"%","shortUnit":"%","tolerance":5,"numDecimalPlaces":1},"schemaVersion":2,"presentation":{"attributionShort":"ILO"},"descriptionKey":["Employment refers to all persons of working age who, during a specified brief period, were in paid employment or self-employment.","_Own-account workers_ are defined as workers working on self-employment jobs who do not engage any employees to work with them.","_Contributing family workers_ are defined as workers working on self-employment jobs who work in an enterprise operated by a related person living in the same household.","These statuses in employment are provided according to the [International Standard Classification of Status in Employment](https://ilostat.ilo.org/methods/concepts-and-definitions/classification-status-at-work/) (ICSE-93).","This data is part of the ILO Modelled Estimates series. This series combines nationally reported observations with imputed data to have a harmonized, internationally comparable dataset and produce regional and global aggregates. For more information, please refer to the [ILO Modelled Estimates documentation](https://ilostat.ilo.org/methods/concepts-and-definitions/ilo-modelled-estimates/).","This data is classified according to the 13th International Classification of Labour Statistics (ICLS), where employment includes anyone engaged for at least one hour per day in production of goods and services, even for own use by the household or family, volunteering, or other forms of unpaid work. For more information, please refer to the [this explainer by the International Labour Organization](https://www.ilo.org/publications/quick-guide-understanding-impact-new-statistical-standards-ilostat)."],"dimensions":{"years":{"values":[{"id":1991},{"id":1992},{"id":1993},{"id":1994},{"id":1995},{"id":1996},{"id":1997},{"id":1998},{"id":1999},{"id":2000},{"id":2001},{"id":2002},{"id":2003},{"id":2004},{"id":2005},{"id":2006},{"id":2007},{"id":2008},{"id":2009},{"id":2010},{"id":2011},{"id":2012},{"id":2013},{"id":2014},{"id":2015},{"id":2016},{"id":2017},{"id":2018},{"id":2019},{"id":2020},{"id":2021},{"id":2022},{"id":2023}]},"entities":{"values":[{"id":15,"name":"Afghanistan","code":"AFG"},{"id":16,"name":"Albania","code":"ALB"},{"id":17,"name":"Algeria","code":"DZA"},{"id":19,"name":"Angola","code":"AGO"},{"id":21,"name":"Argentina","code":"ARG"},{"id":22,"name":"Armenia","code":"ARM"},{"id":23,"name":"Australia","code":"AUS"},{"id":24,"name":"Austria","code":"AUT"},{"id":25,"name":"Azerbaijan","code":"AZE"},{"id":26,"name":"Bahamas","code":"BHS"},{"id":27,"name":"Bahrain","code":"BHR"},{"id":28,"name":"Bangladesh","code":"BGD"},{"id":29,"name":"Barbados","code":"BRB"},{"id":30,"name":"Belarus","code":"BLR"},{"id":4,"name":"Belgium","code":"BEL"},{"id":31,"name":"Belize","code":"BLZ"},{"id":32,"name":"Benin","code":"BEN"},{"id":33,"name":"Bhutan","code":"BTN"},{"id":34,"name":"Bolivia","code":"BOL"},{"id":35,"name":"Bosnia 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(WB)","code":null},{"id":111,"name":"Moldova","code":"MDA"},{"id":112,"name":"Mongolia","code":"MNG"},{"id":215,"name":"Montenegro","code":"MNE"},{"id":110,"name":"Morocco","code":"MAR"},{"id":109,"name":"Mozambique","code":"MOZ"},{"id":142,"name":"Myanmar","code":"MMR"},{"id":108,"name":"Namibia","code":"NAM"},{"id":107,"name":"Nepal","code":"NPL"},{"id":5,"name":"Netherlands","code":"NLD"},{"id":220,"name":"New Caledonia","code":"NCL"},{"id":106,"name":"New Zealand","code":"NZL"},{"id":105,"name":"Nicaragua","code":"NIC"},{"id":104,"name":"Niger","code":"NER"},{"id":103,"name":"Nigeria","code":"NGA"},{"id":278896,"name":"North America (WB)","code":null},{"id":128,"name":"North Korea","code":"PRK"},{"id":66,"name":"North Macedonia","code":"MKD"},{"id":102,"name":"Norway","code":"NOR"},{"id":217,"name":"Oman","code":"OMN"},{"id":101,"name":"Pakistan","code":"PAK"},{"id":140,"name":"Palestine","code":"PSE"},{"id":100,"name":"Panama","code":"PAN"},{"id":99,"name":"Papua New Guinea","code":"PNG"},{"id":98,"name":"Paraguay","code":"PRY"},{"id":97,"name":"Peru","code":"PER"},{"id":96,"name":"Philippines","code":"PHL"},{"id":11,"name":"Poland","code":"POL"},{"id":95,"name":"Portugal","code":"PRT"},{"id":93,"name":"Puerto Rico","code":"PRI"},{"id":226,"name":"Qatar","code":"QAT"},{"id":92,"name":"Romania","code":"ROU"},{"id":12,"name":"Russia","code":"RUS"},{"id":91,"name":"Rwanda","code":"RWA"},{"id":229,"name":"Saint Lucia","code":"LCA"},{"id":230,"name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","code":"VCT"},{"id":239,"name":"Samoa","code":"WSM"},{"id":232,"name":"Sao Tome and Principe","code":"STP"},{"id":90,"name":"Saudi Arabia","code":"SAU"},{"id":89,"name":"Senegal","code":"SEN"},{"id":88,"name":"Serbia","code":"SRB"},{"id":87,"name":"Sierra Leone","code":"SLE"},{"id":86,"name":"Singapore","code":"SGP"},{"id":85,"name":"Slovakia","code":"SVK"},{"id":83,"name":"Slovenia","code":"SVN"},{"id":195,"name":"Solomon Islands","code":"SLB"},{"id":82,"name":"Somalia","code":"SOM"},{"id":81,"name":"South Africa","code":"ZAF"},{"id":277956,"name":"South Asia (WB)","code":null},{"id":127,"name":"South Korea","code":"KOR"},{"id":258,"name":"South Sudan","code":"SSD"},{"id":9,"name":"Spain","code":"ESP"},{"id":141,"name":"Sri Lanka","code":"LKA"},{"id":277950,"name":"Sub-Saharan Africa (WB)","code":null},{"id":79,"name":"Sudan","code":"SDN"},{"id":234,"name":"Suriname","code":"SUR"},{"id":10,"name":"Sweden","code":"SWE"},{"id":7,"name":"Switzerland","code":"CHE"},{"id":77,"name":"Syria","code":"SYR"},{"id":76,"name":"Tajikistan","code":"TJK"},{"id":64,"name":"Tanzania","code":"TZA"},{"id":75,"name":"Thailand","code":"THA"},{"id":74,"name":"Togo","code":"TGO"},{"id":235,"name":"Tonga","code":"TON"},{"id":73,"name":"Trinidad and 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World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially-recognized international sources. It presents the most current and accurate global development data available, and includes national, regional and global estimates.","producer":"World Bank and International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT","citationFull":"World Bank, World Development Indicators database. Estimates are based on data obtained from International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT at https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/. Indicator SL.EMP.VULN.ZS (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.VULN.ZS). World Development Indicators - World Bank (2025). Accessed on 2025-09-08.","versionProducer":"122","urlMain":"https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.VULN.ZS","urlDownload":"https://datacatalogfiles.worldbank.org/ddh-published/0037712/DR0095335/WDI_CSV_2025_07_02.zip","dateAccessed":"2025-09-08","datePublished":"2025-07-03","license":{"url":"https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0037712/World-Development-Indicators","name":"CC BY 4.0"}}]}