{"id":1107499,"name":"Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)","unit":"%","createdAt":"2025-09-16T10:06:59.000Z","updatedAt":"2025-10-23T17:33:05.000Z","coverage":"","timespan":"1991-2023","datasetId":7211,"shortUnit":"%","columnOrder":0,"shortName":"sl_emp_vuln_zs","catalogPath":"grapher/worldbank_wdi/2025-09-08/wdi/wdi#sl_emp_vuln_zs","descriptionShort":"Share of employed population who are working as own-account workers (self-employed without staff), or contributing family workers (self-employed in a household business or farm).","descriptionFromProducer":"Vulnerable employment is contributing family workers and own-account workers as a percentage of total employment.\n\n### Limitations and exceptions:\nData are drawn from labor force surveys and household surveys, supplemented by official estimates and censuses for a small group of countries. Due to differences in definitions and coverage across countries, there are limitations for comparing data across countries and over time even within a country. Estimates of women in employment are not comparable internationally, reflecting that demographic, social, legal, and cultural trends and norms determine whether women's activities are regarded as economic.\n\n### Statistical concept and methodology:\nThe status in employment distinguishes between two categories of the total employed: (a) wage and salaried workers (also known as employees); and (b) self-employed workers, with the subcategories: (i) self-employed workers with employees (employers), (ii) self-employed workers without employees (own-account workers), and (iii) members of producers' cooperatives and contributing family workers (also known as unpaid family workers). Vulnerable employment refers to the sum of (ii) own-account workers and (iii) contributing family workers.\n\nThe series is part of the \"ILO modeled estimates database,\" including nationally reported observations and imputed data for countries with missing data, primarily to capture regional and global trends with consistent country coverage. Country-reported microdata is based mainly on nationally representative labor force surveys, with other sources (e.g., household surveys and population censuses) considering differences in the data source, the scope of coverage, methodology, and other country-specific factors. Country analysis requires caution where limited nationally reported data are available. A series of models are also applied to impute missing observations and make projections. However, imputed observations are not based on national data, are subject to high uncertainty, and should not be used for country comparisons or rankings. For more information: https://ilostat.ilo.org/resources/concepts-and-definitions/ilo-modelled-estimates/\n\n### Notes from original source:\nGiven the exceptional situation, including the scarcity of relevant data, the ILO modeled estimates and projections from 2020 onwards are subject to substantial uncertainty.","type":"float","dataChecksum":"6043787141207957044","metadataChecksum":"7967616115104265096","datasetName":"World Development Indicators","updatePeriodDays":365,"datasetVersion":"2025-09-08","nonRedistributable":false,"display":{"name":"Share in vulnerable employment","unit":"%","shortUnit":"%","tolerance":5,"numDecimalPlaces":1},"schemaVersion":2,"presentation":{"attributionShort":"ILO"},"descriptionKey":["Employment refers to people of working age who worked for at least an hour during the reference period (typically a week), whether in paid employment or self-employment.","_Own-account workers_ are defined as workers working on self-employment jobs who do not engage any employees to work with them.","_Contributing family workers_ are defined as workers working on self-employment jobs who work in an enterprise operated by a related person living in the same household.","These statuses in employment are provided according to the [International Standard Classification of Status in Employment](https://ilostat.ilo.org/methods/concepts-and-definitions/classification-status-at-work/) (ICSE-93).","This data comes from the ILO Modelled Estimates series. The ILO combines countries' own reported estimates with statistically modeled estimates when observations are missing. This ensures that the data follows harmonized definitions and is comparable across countries and over time. It also allows the ILO to calculate regional and global aggregates for every year. You can read more about how the ILO produces these estimates in the [Modelled Estimates documentation](https://ilostat.ilo.org/methods/concepts-and-definitions/ilo-modelled-estimates/).","This data follows the standards of the [13th International Classification of Labour Statisticians (ICLS)](#dod:13-icls). One important point is that employment encompasses work for pay or profit, including self-employment, and also the production of goods for own use (such as subsistence farming). Changes in the definition of employment imply changes in the identification of the unemployed and of those out of the labor force. Because definitions changed under the [19th ICLS](#dod:19-icls), data using those newer definitions are not fully comparable with data based on the 13th ICLS. You can read more about the definitions in [this explainer by the ILO](https://www.ilo.org/publications/quick-guide-understanding-impact-new-statistical-standards-ilostat)."],"dimensions":{"years":{"values":[{"id":1991},{"id":1992},{"id":1993},{"id":1994},{"id":1995},{"id":1996},{"id":1997},{"id":1998},{"id":1999},{"id":2000},{"id":2001},{"id":2002},{"id":2003},{"id":2004},{"id":2005},{"id":2006},{"id":2007},{"id":2008},{"id":2009},{"id":2010},{"id":2011},{"id":2012},{"id":2013},{"id":2014},{"id":2015},{"id":2016},{"id":2017},{"id":2018},{"id":2019},{"id":2020},{"id":2021},{"id":2022},{"id":2023}]},"entities":{"values":[{"id":15,"name":"Afghanistan","code":"AFG"},{"id":16,"name":"Albania","code":"ALB"},{"id":17,"name":"Algeria","code":"DZA"},{"id":19,"name":"Angola","code":"AGO"},{"id":21,"name":"Argentina","code":"ARG"},{"id":22,"name":"Armenia","code":"ARM"},{"id":23,"name":"Australia","code":"AUS"},{"id":24,"name":"Austria","code":"AUT"},{"id":25,"name":"Azerbaijan","code":"AZE"},{"id":26,"name":"Bahamas","code":"BHS"},{"id":27,"name":"Bahrain","code":"BHR"},{"id":28,"name":"Bangladesh","code":"BGD"},{"id":29,"name":"Barbados","code":"BRB"},{"id":30,"name":"Belarus","code":"BLR"},{"id":4,"name":"Belgium","code":"BEL"},{"id":31,"name":"Belize","code":"BLZ"},{"id":32,"name":"Benin","code":"BEN"},{"id":33,"name":"Bhutan","code":"BTN"},{"id":34,"name":"Bolivia","code":"BOL"},{"id":35,"name":"Bosnia 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(27)","code":null},{"id":202,"name":"Fiji","code":"FJI"},{"id":155,"name":"Finland","code":"FIN"},{"id":3,"name":"France","code":"FRA"},{"id":203,"name":"French Polynesia","code":"PYF"},{"id":153,"name":"Gabon","code":"GAB"},{"id":151,"name":"Gambia","code":"GMB"},{"id":152,"name":"Georgia","code":"GEO"},{"id":6,"name":"Germany","code":"DEU"},{"id":150,"name":"Ghana","code":"GHA"},{"id":149,"name":"Greece","code":"GRC"},{"id":254,"name":"Guam","code":"GUM"},{"id":148,"name":"Guatemala","code":"GTM"},{"id":147,"name":"Guinea","code":"GIN"},{"id":94,"name":"Guinea-Bissau","code":"GNB"},{"id":146,"name":"Guyana","code":"GUY"},{"id":145,"name":"Haiti","code":"HTI"},{"id":457,"name":"High-income countries","code":null},{"id":139,"name":"Honduras","code":"HND"},{"id":144,"name":"Hong 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(WB)","code":null},{"id":122,"name":"Latvia","code":"LVA"},{"id":124,"name":"Lebanon","code":"LBN"},{"id":123,"name":"Lesotho","code":"LSO"},{"id":121,"name":"Liberia","code":"LBR"},{"id":120,"name":"Libya","code":"LBY"},{"id":119,"name":"Lithuania","code":"LTU"},{"id":461,"name":"Low-income countries","code":null},{"id":460,"name":"Lower-middle-income countries","code":null},{"id":210,"name":"Luxembourg","code":"LUX"},{"id":262,"name":"Macao","code":"MAC"},{"id":118,"name":"Madagascar","code":"MDG"},{"id":117,"name":"Malawi","code":"MWI"},{"id":116,"name":"Malaysia","code":"MYS"},{"id":211,"name":"Maldives","code":"MDV"},{"id":115,"name":"Mali","code":"MLI"},{"id":212,"name":"Malta","code":"MLT"},{"id":114,"name":"Mauritania","code":"MRT"},{"id":213,"name":"Mauritius","code":"MUS"},{"id":113,"name":"Mexico","code":"MEX"},{"id":372001,"name":"Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan and Pakistan (WB)","code":null},{"id":111,"name":"Moldova","code":"MDA"},{"id":112,"name":"Mongolia","code":"MNG"},{"id":215,"name":"Montenegro","code":"MNE"},{"id":110,"name":"Morocco","code":"MAR"},{"id":109,"name":"Mozambique","code":"MOZ"},{"id":142,"name":"Myanmar","code":"MMR"},{"id":108,"name":"Namibia","code":"NAM"},{"id":107,"name":"Nepal","code":"NPL"},{"id":5,"name":"Netherlands","code":"NLD"},{"id":220,"name":"New Caledonia","code":"NCL"},{"id":106,"name":"New Zealand","code":"NZL"},{"id":105,"name":"Nicaragua","code":"NIC"},{"id":104,"name":"Niger","code":"NER"},{"id":103,"name":"Nigeria","code":"NGA"},{"id":278896,"name":"North America (WB)","code":null},{"id":128,"name":"North Korea","code":"PRK"},{"id":66,"name":"North Macedonia","code":"MKD"},{"id":102,"name":"Norway","code":"NOR"},{"id":217,"name":"Oman","code":"OMN"},{"id":101,"name":"Pakistan","code":"PAK"},{"id":140,"name":"Palestine","code":"PSE"},{"id":100,"name":"Panama","code":"PAN"},{"id":99,"name":"Papua New Guinea","code":"PNG"},{"id":98,"name":"Paraguay","code":"PRY"},{"id":97,"name":"Peru","code":"PER"},{"id":96,"name":"Philippines","code":"PHL"},{"id":11,"name":"Poland","code":"POL"},{"id":95,"name":"Portugal","code":"PRT"},{"id":93,"name":"Puerto Rico","code":"PRI"},{"id":226,"name":"Qatar","code":"QAT"},{"id":92,"name":"Romania","code":"ROU"},{"id":12,"name":"Russia","code":"RUS"},{"id":91,"name":"Rwanda","code":"RWA"},{"id":229,"name":"Saint Lucia","code":"LCA"},{"id":230,"name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","code":"VCT"},{"id":239,"name":"Samoa","code":"WSM"},{"id":232,"name":"Sao Tome and Principe","code":"STP"},{"id":90,"name":"Saudi Arabia","code":"SAU"},{"id":89,"name":"Senegal","code":"SEN"},{"id":88,"name":"Serbia","code":"SRB"},{"id":87,"name":"Sierra Leone","code":"SLE"},{"id":86,"name":"Singapore","code":"SGP"},{"id":85,"name":"Slovakia","code":"SVK"},{"id":83,"name":"Slovenia","code":"SVN"},{"id":195,"name":"Solomon 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World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially-recognized international sources. It presents the most current and accurate global development data available, and includes national, regional and global estimates.","producer":"World Bank and International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT","citationFull":"World Bank, World Development Indicators database. Estimates are based on data obtained from International Labour Organization, ILOSTAT at https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/. Indicator SL.EMP.VULN.ZS (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.VULN.ZS). World Development Indicators - World Bank (2025). Accessed on 2025-09-08.","versionProducer":"122","urlMain":"https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.VULN.ZS","urlDownload":"https://datacatalogfiles.worldbank.org/ddh-published/0037712/DR0095335/WDI_CSV_2025_07_02.zip","dateAccessed":"2025-09-08","datePublished":"2025-07-03","license":{"url":"https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0037712/World-Development-Indicators","name":"CC BY 4.0"}}]}