{"id":1270498,"name":"Gini coefficient (before tax, equivalized)","unit":"","createdAt":"2026-06-12T15:20:02.000Z","updatedAt":"2026-07-24T09:14:32.000Z","coverage":"","timespan":"1968-2024","datasetId":7988,"shortUnit":"","columnOrder":0,"shortName":"gini__welfare_type_mi__equivalence_scale_square_root","catalogPath":"grapher/lis/2026-06-12/luxembourg_income_study/inequality#gini__welfare_type_mi__equivalence_scale_square_root","dimensions":{"years":{"values":[{"id":1989},{"id":1995},{"id":2001},{"id":2003},{"id":2004},{"id":2008},{"id":2010},{"id":2014},{"id":2016},{"id":2018},{"id":2020},{"id":2005},{"id":2006},{"id":2007},{"id":2009},{"id":2011},{"id":2012},{"id":2013},{"id":2015},{"id":2017},{"id":2019},{"id":2021},{"id":2022},{"id":2023},{"id":1992},{"id":1997},{"id":2024},{"id":1993},{"id":1996},{"id":1998},{"id":1999},{"id":2002},{"id":1971},{"id":1973},{"id":1975},{"id":1977},{"id":1979},{"id":1981},{"id":1982},{"id":1984},{"id":1985},{"id":1986},{"id":1987},{"id":1988},{"id":1990},{"id":1991},{"id":1994},{"id":2000},{"id":1978},{"id":1983},{"id":1968},{"id":1969},{"id":1970},{"id":1972},{"id":1974},{"id":1976},{"id":1980}]},"entities":{"values":[{"id":23,"name":"Australia","code":"AUS"},{"id":24,"name":"Austria","code":"AUT"},{"id":4,"name":"Belgium","code":"BEL"},{"id":37,"name":"Brazil","code":"BRA"},{"id":39,"name":"Bulgaria","code":"BGR"},{"id":44,"name":"Canada","code":"CAN"},{"id":162,"name":"Czechia","code":"CZE"},{"id":161,"name":"Denmark","code":"DNK"},{"id":160,"name":"Dominican Republic","code":"DOM"},{"id":156,"name":"Estonia","code":"EST"},{"id":155,"name":"Finland","code":"FIN"},{"id":6,"name":"Germany","code":"DEU"},{"id":149,"name":"Greece","code":"GRC"},{"id":207,"name":"Iceland","code":"ISL"},{"id":2,"name":"Ireland","code":"IRL"},{"id":133,"name":"Israel","code":"ISR"},{"id":8,"name":"Italy","code":"ITA"},{"id":14,"name":"Japan","code":"JPN"},{"id":119,"name":"Lithuania","code":"LTU"},{"id":210,"name":"Luxembourg","code":"LUX"},{"id":5,"name":"Netherlands","code":"NLD"},{"id":102,"name":"Norway","code":"NOR"},{"id":92,"name":"Romania","code":"ROU"},{"id":85,"name":"Slovakia","code":"SVK"},{"id":81,"name":"South Africa","code":"ZAF"},{"id":9,"name":"Spain","code":"ESP"},{"id":10,"name":"Sweden","code":"SWE"},{"id":7,"name":"Switzerland","code":"CHE"},{"id":198,"name":"Taiwan","code":"TWN"},{"id":1,"name":"United Kingdom","code":"GBR"},{"id":13,"name":"United States","code":"USA"}]}},"descriptionShort":"The [Gini coefficient](#dod:gini) measures inequality on a scale from 0 to 1. Higher values indicate higher inequality. Inequality is measured here in terms of income before taxes and benefits.","type":"float","grapherConfigIdETL":"019ebc6b-341f-7689-8697-ff789ca25933","dataChecksum":"17804287774515912522","metadataChecksum":"-1594476268695669540","datasetName":"Luxembourg Income Study (LIS)","updatePeriodDays":90,"datasetVersion":"2026-06-12","nonRedistributable":false,"display":{"name":"Gini coefficient (before tax)","tolerance":5,"numDecimalPlaces":2},"schemaVersion":2,"processingLevel":"minor","presentation":{"attributionShort":"Luxembourg Income Study","topicTagsLinks":["Poverty","Economic Inequality"]},"descriptionKey":"- The Gini coefficient is a common measure of income inequality, which summarizes the distribution and expresses it in terms of a number from 0 to 1. Higher values indicate higher inequality. We explain how it works in our article [Measuring inequality: what is the Gini coefficient?](https://ourworldindata.org/what-is-the-gini-coefficient), and discuss inequality measures and data in more detail on our page on [economic inequality](https://ourworldindata.org/economic-inequality).\n- The data comes from the [Luxembourg Income Study (LIS)](https://www.lisdatacenter.org/our-data/lis-database/), which is based on national survey data. LIS takes the original data and harmonizes it by mapping the data onto a common set of definitions. This makes the data more comparable across countries than other sources, but at the cost of covering fewer countries. [Read more](#dod:lis-harmonization).\n- Income is measured before taxes have been paid and government benefits — such as public pensions, unemployment benefits, and social assistance — have been received. Private pension income is also included, meaning a retired person’s before-tax income varies depending on whether their country’s pensions system is primarily public, private or a mix.\n- The income data has been [equivalized](#dod:equivalization) — that is, adjusted for household size. This makes living standards more comparable across households of different sizes, since people sharing a household can split costs like rent and heating. To make the adjustment, LIS uses the square root equivalence scale: it divides the total household income by the square root of the number of people in the household.","origins":[{"id":15418,"titleSnapshot":"Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) - Inequality","title":"Luxembourg Income Study (LIS)","descriptionSnapshot":"Inequality estimates by LIS.","description":"The Luxembourg Income Study Database (LIS) is the largest available income database of harmonized microdata collected from over 50 countries in Europe, North America, Latin America, Africa, Asia, and Australasia spanning five decades.\n\nHarmonized into a common framework, LIS datasets contain household- and person-level data on labor income, capital income, pensions, public social benefits (excl. pensions) and private transfers, as well as taxes and contributions, demography, employment, and expenditures.","producer":"Luxembourg Income Study","citationFull":"Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) Database, http://www.lisdatacenter.org (multiple countries; June 2026). Luxembourg: LIS.","attributionShort":"Luxembourg Income Study","urlMain":"https://www.lisdatacenter.org/our-data/lis-database/","dateAccessed":"2026-06-12","datePublished":"2026-06-12","license":{"url":"https://www.lisdatacenter.org/about-lis/terms-of-use/","name":"LIS Privacy Policy"}}]}