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(WID)","code":null},{"id":9,"name":"Spain","code":"ESP"},{"id":141,"name":"Sri Lanka","code":"LKA"},{"id":356809,"name":"Sub-Saharan Africa (WID)","code":null},{"id":79,"name":"Sudan","code":"SDN"},{"id":10,"name":"Sweden","code":"SWE"},{"id":7,"name":"Switzerland","code":"CHE"},{"id":77,"name":"Syria","code":"SYR"},{"id":198,"name":"Taiwan","code":"TWN"},{"id":76,"name":"Tajikistan","code":"TJK"},{"id":64,"name":"Tanzania","code":"TZA"},{"id":75,"name":"Thailand","code":"THA"},{"id":74,"name":"Togo","code":"TGO"},{"id":71,"name":"Tunisia","code":"TUN"},{"id":70,"name":"Turkey","code":"TUR"},{"id":69,"name":"Turkmenistan","code":"TKM"},{"id":68,"name":"Uganda","code":"UGA"},{"id":72,"name":"United Arab Emirates","code":"ARE"},{"id":1,"name":"United Kingdom","code":"GBR"},{"id":13,"name":"United 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Higher values indicate higher inequality. Inequality is measured here in terms of income before taxes and benefits.","descriptionProcessing":"We extract estimations of Gini, mean, percentile thresholds, averages, and shares via the [`wid` Stata command](https://github.com/world-inequality-database/wid-stata-tool). We calculate threshold and share ratios by dividing different thresholds and shares, respectively.\n\nInterpolations and extrapolations are excluded by using the option `exclude` in the Stata command.","type":"float","grapherConfigIdETL":"019f3c42-fe03-75e6-86d7-92d048438d2a","dataChecksum":"1931899188227192568","metadataChecksum":"-2016886010067457961","datasetName":"World Inequality Database (WID)","updatePeriodDays":365,"datasetVersion":"2026-06-18","nonRedistributable":false,"display":{"name":"Palma ratio (before tax)","tolerance":5,"numDecimalPlaces":1},"schemaVersion":2,"processingLevel":"major","presentation":{"titleVariant":"","attributionShort":"WID","topicTagsLinks":["Economic Inequality"]},"descriptionKey":"- The Palma ratio is a measure of inequality that compares the income share of the richest 10% to that of the poorest 40%. For example, a value of 2 means the richest 10% receive twice as much as the poorest 40%. We discuss the data and other measures in more detail on our page on [economic inequality](https://ourworldindata.org/economic-inequality).\n- This data comes from the [World Inequality Database (WID)](https://wid.world/). This source has developed an approach to measuring inequality that aims to more accurately capture what is happening at the very top of the distribution, among the richest individuals. Traditional approaches, based on household survey data, tend to underestimate the incomes of the richest. WID tries to address this by combining data from tax records, surveys, and national accounts. You can read more about their method on our [page](https://ourworldindata.org/economic-inequality#tracking-the-incomes-of-the-richest-data-from-the-world-inequality-database).\n- Before tax income is measured before taxes have been paid and most government benefits have been received. The exception is pensions and other social insurance benefits, such as unemployment insurance — contributions to these are deducted, and the corresponding benefits are added back as income. [Read more](#dod:wid-income-definition).\n- Income here refers to national income — a broad measure of income across the whole economy taken from the [national accounts](#dod:national-accounts). This includes components of income not usually attributed to individuals, or that people wouldn't normally think of as part of their own income, such as retained corporate profits and imputed rent from owner-occupied housing.\n- For some countries and years, the underlying data sources (household surveys, tax records) are not available. In these cases, WID estimates the missing values by extrapolating from other years or data from other countries, which introduces uncertainty. For more information, see the [WID methodology documentation](https://wid.world/document/distributional-national-accounts-dina-guidelines-2025-methods-and-concepts-used-in-the-world-inequality-database/).","origins":[{"id":15669,"titleSnapshot":"World Inequality Database (WID) - Key indicators","title":"World Inequality Database (WID)","description":"The World Inequality Database (WID.world) aims to provide open and convenient access to the most extensive available database on the historical evolution of the world distribution of income and wealth, both within countries and between countries.","producer":"World Inequality Database (WID.world)","citationFull":"World Inequality Database (WID), https://wid.world","attributionShort":"WID","urlMain":"https://wid.world","dateAccessed":"2026-07-07","datePublished":"2026","license":{"url":"https://wid.world/","name":"CC BY 4.0"}},{"id":15670,"titleSnapshot":"World Inequality Database (WID) - Key indicators (with extrapolations)","title":"World Inequality Database (WID)","description":"The World Inequality Database (WID.world) aims to provide open and convenient access to the most extensive available database on the historical evolution of the world distribution of income and wealth, both within countries and between countries.","producer":"World Inequality Database (WID.world)","citationFull":"World Inequality Database (WID), https://wid.world","attributionShort":"WID","urlMain":"https://wid.world","dateAccessed":"2026-07-07","datePublished":"2026","license":{"url":"https://wid.world/","name":"CC BY 4.0"}}]}