{"id":1338979,"name":"Homicide rate per 100,000 population - Eisner and WHO Mortality Database","unit":"homicides per 100,000 people","createdAt":"2026-10-15T22:44:41.000Z","updatedAt":"2026-10-15T22:44:41.000Z","coverage":"","timespan":"1250-2023","datasetId":8229,"shortUnit":"","columnOrder":0,"shortName":"death_rate_per_100_000_population_eisner_who","catalogPath":"grapher/homicide/2026-10-15/homicide_long_run_omm/homicide_long_run_omm#death_rate_per_100_000_population_eisner_who","descriptionShort":"Homicides per 100,000 people, combining historical estimates compiled by Eisner (2014) with death-certificate data from the WHO Mortality Database.","descriptionProcessing":"All homicide rate estimates from before 1950 are taken from: Table 4 in Eisner, M. (2014) “From Swords to Words: Does Macro-Level Change in Self-Control Predict Long-Term Variation in Levels of Homicide?” In Why Crime Rates Fall and Why They Don’t, edited by Michael Tonry. Vol. 43 of Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, edited by Michael Tonry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\n\nIn Eisner (2014) homicide rates are given for a range of years - we allocate the homicide rate at the midpoint of the given period. Our data-management and -visualization system can currently only observations that happen in a particular year (or day), therefore we can't store the time-information as presented by the original source and instead allocate the observation the midpoint of the given period.\n\nHistorical estimates of homicide rates are derived from national vital statistics and judicial archives. The older data is often fragmented and subject to a number of biases including: geographic bias, incomplete records, changing age structure, wound treatment, and the lethality of weapons.\n\nThis variable is a combination of homicide rate estimates from Eisner (2014) and the WHO Mortality Database. For the following countries we use Eisner (2014) before the given date and the WHO Mortality Database for all later datapoints:\n* 1950: France, Ireland, Netherlands\n\n* 1951: Italy, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland\n\n* 1954: Belgium\n\n* 1990: Germany\n\nFor Corsica and Sardinia; England and Wales and Sweden and Finland all datapoints are from Eisner (2014).\n\nAll other datapoints not specified above are sourced from the WHO Mortality Database.\n","type":"float","datasetName":"From swords to words: Does macro-level change in self-control predict long-term variation in levels of homicide?","datasetVersion":"2026-10-15","nonRedistributable":false,"display":{"unit":"homicides per 100,000 people","numDecimalPlaces":2},"schemaVersion":2,"presentation":{},"dimensions":{"years":{"values":[{"id":1375},{"id":1425},{"id":1475},{"id":1525},{"id":1575},{"id":1625},{"id":1675},{"id":1725},{"id":1775},{"id":1825},{"id":1862},{"id":1887},{"id":1912},{"id":1937},{"id":1954},{"id":1955},{"id":1956},{"id":1957},{"id":1958},{"id":1959},{"id":1960},{"id":1961},{"id":1962},{"id":1963},{"id":1964},{"id":1965},{"id":1966},{"id":1967},{"id":1968},{"id":1969},{"id":1970},{"id":1971},{"id":1972},{"id":1973},{"id":1974},{"id":1975},{"id":1976},{"id":1977},{"id":1978},{"id":1979},{"id":1980},{"id":1981},{"id":1982},{"id":1983},{"id":1984},{"id":1985},{"id":1986},{"id":1987},{"id":1988},{"id":1989},{"id":1990},{"id":1991},{"id":1992},{"id":1993},{"id":1994},{"id":1995},{"id":1996},{"id":1997},{"id":1998},{"id":1999},{"id":2000},{"id":2001},{"id":2002},{"id":2003},{"id":2004},{"id":2005},{"id":2006},{"id":2007},{"id":2008},{"id":2009},{"id":2010},{"id":2011},{"id":2012},{"id":2013},{"id":2014},{"id":2015},{"id":2016},{"id":2017},{"id":2018},{"id":2019},{"id":2020},{"id":2021},{"id":2022},{"id":1250},{"id":1325},{"id":1950},{"id":1951},{"id":1952},{"id":1953},{"id":2023}]},"entities":{"values":[{"id":4,"name":"Belgium","code":"BEL"},{"id":354624,"name":"Corsica and Sardinia","code":null},{"id":278,"name":"England and Wales","code":null},{"id":3,"name":"France","code":"FRA"},{"id":6,"name":"Germany","code":"DEU"},{"id":2,"name":"Ireland","code":"IRL"},{"id":8,"name":"Italy","code":"ITA"},{"id":5,"name":"Netherlands","code":"NLD"},{"id":9,"name":"Spain","code":"ESP"},{"id":10,"name":"Sweden","code":"SWE"},{"id":354623,"name":"Sweden and Finland","code":null},{"id":7,"name":"Switzerland","code":"CHE"}]}},"origins":[{"id":28154,"title":"From swords to words: Does macro-level change in self-control predict long-term variation in levels of homicide?","description":"The homicide rate data shown here is taken from Table 4 on pages 80-81 in Eisner (2014). In the table homicide rate estimates are given for a range of years, we present data for the mid-point year here. For example, if data is given for 1200-1299 we show this as 1250.\n\nDataset notes:\n\n- For 1775 and 1862 the data for Switzerland are for the canton of Zurich only.\n- From 1825 onwards the estimates for Corsica and Sardinia are for Sardinia only.","producer":"Eisner","citationFull":"Eisner, M. (2014). From swords to words: Does macro-level change in self-control predict long-term variation in levels of homicide? In M. Tonry (Ed.), Why crime rates fall and why they don't (Vol. 43, Crime and Justice: A review of research). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.","urlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1086/677662","urlDownload":"https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vSqMi2AJyqA9BgjU-t149eZSOp6MIqN77JZOB2HRK_oQiqgLR7hfpk-gWx9YerWcYLTGww7DmqRU_Ho/pub?output=csv","dateAccessed":"2025-01-06","datePublished":"2014"},{"id":28143,"title":"WHO Mortality Database","description":"The WHO mortality database is a collection death registration data including cause-of-death information from member states.\n\nWhere they are collected, death registration data are the best source of information on key health indicators, such as life expectancy, and death registration data with cause-of-death information are the best source of information on mortality by cause, such as maternal mortality and suicide mortality.\n\nWHO requests from all countries annual data by age, sex, and complete ICD code (e.g., 4-digit code if the 10th revision of ICD was used). Countries have reported deaths by cause of death, year, sex, and age for inclusion in the WHO Mortality Database since 1950.\n\nThe WHO only includes data, which are properly coded according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). Today the database is maintained by the WHO Division of Data, Analytics and Delivery for Impact (DDI) and contains data from over 120 countries and areas. Data reported by member states and selected areas are displayed in this portal’s interactive visualizations if the data are reported to the WHO mortality database in the requested format and at least 65% of deaths were recorded in each country and year.","producer":"WHO Mortality Database","citationFull":"WHO Division of Data, Analytics and Delivery for Impact (DDI), World Health Organization (2026)","attributionShort":"WHO","urlMain":"https://platform.who.int/mortality","dateAccessed":"2026-10-14","datePublished":"2026-02-23","license":{"url":"https://www.who.int/about/policies/publishing/copyright","name":"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO"}}]}