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Data

Affiliation of research teams building notable AI systems, by year of publication

What you should know about this indicator

How is this data described by its producer?

The distinction is documented in Academia and Industry. Systems are categorized as “Industry” if their authors are affiliated with private sector organizations, “Academia” if the authors are affiliated with universities or academic institutions, or “Industry - Academia Collaboration” when at least 30% of the authors are from each. Possible values: Industry, Research Collective, Academia, Industry - Academia Collaboration (Industry leaning), Industry - Academia Collaboration (Academia leaning), Non-profit

Affiliation of research teams building notable AI systems, by year of publication
Describes the sector where the authors of a notable AI system have their primary affiliations. The 2026 data is incomplete and was last updated 17 April 2026.
Source
Epoch AI (2026) – with major processing by Our World in Data
Last updated
March 12, 2025
Next expected update
May 2026
Date range
1950–2026
Unit
AI systems

Sources and processing

This data is based on the following sources

Epoch AI – Parameter, Compute and Data Trends in Machine Learning

Retrieved on
April 17, 2026
Retrieved from
https://epoch.ai/mlinputs/visualization
Citation
This is the citation of the original data obtained from the source, prior to any processing or adaptation by Our World in Data. To cite data downloaded from this page, please use the suggested citation given in Reuse This Work below.
Epoch AI, ‘Parameter, Compute and Data Trends in Machine Learning’. Published online at epochai.org. Retrieved from: ‘https://epoch.ai/data/epochdb/visualization’ [online resource]
Retrieved on
April 17, 2026
Retrieved from
https://epoch.ai/mlinputs/visualization
Citation
This is the citation of the original data obtained from the source, prior to any processing or adaptation by Our World in Data. To cite data downloaded from this page, please use the suggested citation given in Reuse This Work below.
Epoch AI, ‘Parameter, Compute and Data Trends in Machine Learning’. Published online at epochai.org. Retrieved from: ‘https://epoch.ai/data/epochdb/visualization’ [online resource]

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Citations

How to cite this page

To cite this page overall, including any descriptions, FAQs or explanations of the data authored by Our World in Data, please use the following citation:

“Data Page: Affiliation of research teams building notable AI systems, by year of publication”, part of the following publication: Charlie Giattino, Edouard Mathieu, Veronika Samborska, and Max Roser (2023) - “Artificial Intelligence”. Data adapted from Epoch AI. Retrieved from https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20260417-102326/grapher/affiliation-researchers-building-artificial-intelligence-systems-all.html [online resource] (archived on April 17, 2026).

How to cite this data

In-line citationIf you have limited space (e.g. in data visualizations), you can use this abbreviated in-line citation:

Epoch AI (2026) – with major processing by Our World in Data

Full citation

Epoch AI (2026) – with major processing by Our World in Data. “Affiliation of research teams building notable AI systems, by year of publication” [dataset]. Epoch AI, “Parameter, Compute and Data Trends in Machine Learning” [original data]. Retrieved April 17, 2026 from https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20260417-102326/grapher/affiliation-researchers-building-artificial-intelligence-systems-all.html (archived on April 17, 2026).

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