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Data

Historical trade openness in Europe

About this data

Source
Mitchell (2015) – processed by Our World in Data
Last updated
July 7, 2015
Date range
1815–1949
Unit
%

Sources and processing

This data is based on the following sources

Mitchell – International Historical Statistics

Ratio of exports and imports to GDP in current values for the seven largest European economies. Data is from International Historical Statistics by Brian Mitchell.

National accounts and trade (GDP, imports and exports). The ratio is computed as the sum of imports and exports divided by GDP.

Notes: Germany uses NNP as a measure of output instead of GDP until 1945. Post-1945 Wes

Retrieved on
July 7, 2015
Retrieved from
http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/doifinder/10.1057/9781137305688
Citation
This is the citation of the original data obtained from the source, prior to any processing or adaptation by Our World in Data. To cite data downloaded from this page, please use the suggested citation given in Reuse This Work below.
Mitchell, B. R. (2015). International Historical Statistics. Palgrave Macmillan.

Ratio of exports and imports to GDP in current values for the seven largest European economies. Data is from International Historical Statistics by Brian Mitchell.

National accounts and trade (GDP, imports and exports). The ratio is computed as the sum of imports and exports divided by GDP.

Notes: Germany uses NNP as a measure of output instead of GDP until 1945. Post-1945 Wes

Retrieved on
July 7, 2015
Retrieved from
http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/doifinder/10.1057/9781137305688
Citation
This is the citation of the original data obtained from the source, prior to any processing or adaptation by Our World in Data. To cite data downloaded from this page, please use the suggested citation given in Reuse This Work below.
Mitchell, B. R. (2015). International Historical Statistics. Palgrave Macmillan.

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All data and visualizations on Our World in Data rely on data sourced from one or several original data providers. Preparing this original data involves several processing steps. Depending on the data, this can include standardizing country names and world region definitions, converting units, calculating derived indicators such as per capita measures, as well as adding or adapting metadata such as the name or the description given to an indicator.

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Citations

How to cite this page

To cite this page overall, including any descriptions, FAQs or explanations of the data authored by Our World in Data, please use the following citation:

“Data Page: Historical trade openness in Europe”. Our World in Data (2026). Data adapted from Mitchell. Retrieved from https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20260518-093348/grapher/trade-openness-in-europe.html [online resource] (archived on May 18, 2026).

How to cite this data

In-line citationIf you have limited space (e.g. in data visualizations), you can use this abbreviated in-line citation:

Mitchell (2015) – processed by Our World in Data

Full citation

Mitchell (2015) – processed by Our World in Data. “Historical trade openness in Europe” [dataset]. Mitchell, “International Historical Statistics” [original data]. Retrieved May 18, 2026 from https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20260518-093348/grapher/trade-openness-in-europe.html (archived on May 18, 2026).

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